|
Famines in Galicia were a common occurrence, particularly in the mid to late 19th century, as Galicia became heavily overpopulated. Triggered primarily by natural disasters such as floods and blights, famines, compounded by overpopulation, led to starvation, widespread malnutrition, epidemics, poverty, an average of 50,000 deaths a year, and from the 1870s to the beginning of World War I, emigration. ==Chronological occurrences== 19th century saw first famines in Galicia in the years 1804-1806 and 1811-1813.〔 Another famine took place in 1832.〔 1844 saw the destruction of much of the grain and potato crop due to severe rains and resulting flooding.〔 Skowronek notes that the resulting famine affected the next for years, up to 1848.〔 1845 saw potato blight according to Grodziski, although Kieniewicz writes that that year saw more flooding, with the blight in 1846.〔〔 The famine of 1847 was partially caused by the unrest of the previous year (see Kraków Uprising, Galician slaughter).〔 Significant famines would affect towns as well, as did the famine of 1847.〔 The 1847 famine is estimated to have affected about 90% of the Galician population, and resulted in at least 227,000 deaths.〔 1848 saw continued famine, with about 140,000 deaths.〔 There have been reports of cannibalism that year, through they have also been reported in other years of most severe famines.〔 Although Skowronek notes that a famine ended in 1848, according to Frank another one occurred in 1849,〔 through with only 40,000 deaths.〔 1850 saw another famine due to another potato blight.〔 Frank notes famines that occurred in 1855, 1865, 1876 and 1889.〔 Wolff lists a famine in 1880.〔 Dunin-Wąsowicz lists periods of starvation for 1853-1854, 1865-1866, and 1871-1872. A large famine has affected many Eastern European territories, including Galicia, as late as 1913.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Famines in Austrian Galicia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|